<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><article article-type="normal" xml:lang="en">
   <front>
      <journal-meta>
         <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PALEVO</journal-id>
         <issn>1631-0683</issn>
         <publisher>
            <publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name>
         </publisher>
      </journal-meta>
      <article-meta>
         <article-id pub-id-type="pii">S1631-0683(06)00085-6</article-id>
         <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.crpv.2006.06.001</article-id>
         <article-categories>
            <subj-group subj-group-type="type">
               <subject>Research article</subject>
            </subj-group>
            <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
               <subject>Systematic Palaeontology (Vertebrate Palaeontology) / Paléontologie systématique</subject>
            </subj-group>
            <series-title>Systematic palaeontology</series-title>
            <series-title>Vertebrate palaeontology</series-title>
         </article-categories>
         <title-group>
            <article-title>The southernmost sirenian record in the eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Late Miocene of Chile</article-title>
         </title-group>
         <contrib-group content-type="authors">
            <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
               <name>
                  <surname>Bianucci</surname>
                  <given-names>Giovanni</given-names>
               </name>
               <email>bianucci@dst.unipi.it</email>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">
                  <sup>a</sup>
               </xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <name>
                  <surname>Sorbi</surname>
                  <given-names>Silvia</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">
                  <sup>a</sup>
               </xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <name>
                  <surname>Suárez</surname>
                  <given-names>Mario E.</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">
                  <sup>b</sup>
               </xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <name>
                  <surname>Landini</surname>
                  <given-names>Walter</given-names>
               </name>
               <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">
                  <sup>a</sup>
               </xref>
            </contrib>
            <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
               <aff>
                  <label>a</label> Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Via S. Maria, 53 56126 Pisa, Italy</aff>
            </aff-alternatives>
            <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
               <aff>
                  <label>b</label> Museo Paleontológico de Caldera, Av. Wheelwright 001, Caldera, Atacama, Chile</aff>
            </aff-alternatives>
         </contrib-group>
         <pub-date-not-available/>
         <volume>5</volume>
         <issue>8</issue>
         <issue-id pub-id-type="pii">S1631-0683(06)X0033-7</issue-id>
         <fpage seq="0" content-type="normal">945</fpage>
         <lpage content-type="normal">952</lpage>
         <history>
            <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2006-05-12"/>
            <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2006-06-20"/>
         </history>
         <permissions>
            <copyright-statement>© 2006 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
            <copyright-year>2006</copyright-year>
            <copyright-holder>Académie des sciences</copyright-holder>
         </permissions>
         <self-uri xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" content-type="application/pdf" xlink:href="main.pdf">
                        Full (PDF)
                    </self-uri>
         <abstract abstract-type="author">
            <p>A tooth of a sirenian from the Late Miocene sediments of the Bahia Inglesa Formation (Chile) is described and referred to the Dugongidae. The fossil represents the first sirenian record from Chile and the southernmost record of the Sirenia in the eastern Pacific Ocean (latitude 27° S). The Chilean record extends the already wide geographical distribution of fossil sirenians along the Eastern Pacific coast. The presence of a sirenian during the Miocene on the Chilean coast is related to a globally warmer climatic condition and a still limited northern extension of the cold Humboldt Current. .</p>
         </abstract>
         <trans-abstract abstract-type="author" xml:lang="fr">
            <p>
               <bold>Mention la plus méridionale d'un Sirenia dans l'océan Pacifique est, dans le Miocène supérieur du Chili.</bold> Nous décrivons ici une dent de sirénien découverte dans le Miocène supérieur de la Formation Bahia Inglesa (Chili) et rapportée à un Dugongidae. Il s'agit de la première mention d'un sirénien du Chili et du sirénien le plus méridional du Pacifique est (latitude 27° S). Il étend la vaste distribution des siréniens fossiles le long des côtes orientales du Pacifique. La présence d'un sirénien sur la côte chilienne durant le Miocène est liée aux conditions climatiques globalement chaudes et à une extension vers le nord plus limitée du courant de Humboldt. .</p>
         </trans-abstract>
         <kwd-group>
            <unstructured-kwd-group>Mammalia, Sirenia, Dugongidae, Miocene, Chile, Palaeoclimatology, Humboldt Current</unstructured-kwd-group>
         </kwd-group>
         <kwd-group xml:lang="fr">
            <unstructured-kwd-group>Mammalia, Sirenia, Dugongidae, Miocène, Chili, Paléoclimatologie, Courant de Humboldt</unstructured-kwd-group>
         </kwd-group>
      </article-meta>
   </front>
   <body>
      <sec xml:lang="fr">
         <title>Version française abrégée</title>
         <sec>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <p>Les siréniens constituent un ordre de mammifères marins représenté actuellement par seulement quatre espèces, vivant dans les eaux côtières et les fleuves des régions tropicales et subtropicales. Le Dugongidae <italic>Dugong dugon</italic> vit dans l'océan Indien et dans le Pacifique sud-ouest, alors que les trois espèces de lamantins vivent le long des côtes et dans les fleuves de la face atlantique des Amériques et de l'Afrique occidentale [2]. En outre, une cinquième espèce, éteinte en 1768, <italic>Hydrodamalis gigas</italic>, était un grand Dugongidae édenté, long de plus de 9 m, qui vivait dans les eaux froides du Pacifique nord, s'y nourrissant d'algues [4].</p>
            <p>Ainsi, les siréniens actuels n'occupent pas le Pacifique est, mais les découvertes fossiles indiquent que c'était le cas dans le passé. Cette faune pacifique dérivait probablement de formes atlantiques ayant traversé le Central American Seaway au cours du Miocène inférieur [4]. Le registre fossile des siréniens du Pacifique nord comprend les trois sous-familles de Dugongidae : l'Halitheriinae <italic>Metaxytherium arctodites</italic> (Miocène moyen), le Dugonginae <italic>Dioplotherium allisoni</italic> (Miocène inférieur à moyen) et les Hydrodamalinae <italic>Dusisiren</italic> (Miocène inférieur à supérieur) et <italic>Hydrodamalis</italic> (Miocène supérieur à Holocène). Les Hydrodamalinae sont considérés comme un groupe monophylétique limité au Pacifique nord [7].</p>
            <p>En revanche, on n'a retrouvé dans le Pacifique sud-est qu'une côte d'un Dugongidae indéterminé, dans le Pliocène inférieur de la formation Pisco, au Pérou [18], et deux crânes incomplets dans le Miocène inférieur à moyen de la formation Montera, également du Pérou. Les crânes ont d'abord été rapportés à <italic>Metaxytherium calvertense</italic> [18], mais, par la suite, cette espèce a été considérée comme synonyme de <italic>M. crataegense</italic> [1]. <italic>M. crataegense</italic> est un Halitheriinae également connu du Miocène inférieur à moyen du Sud-Est des États-Unis [13,22].</p>
            <p>Nous décrivons ici une molaire découverte dans les sédiments du Miocène supérieur de la formation Bahía Iglesa à Las Arenas, sur la côte centre-nord du Chili (Fig. 1A) et conservée au Museo Paleontologico de Caldera, Chili (MPC). Cette dent représente la première mention d'un sirénien au Chili et le sirénien le plus méridional du Pacifique oriental.</p>
            <p>La terminologie anatomique suit Domning (1988) [5].</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <title>Géologie</title>
            <sec>
               <p>La formation Bahía Iglesa est constituée de sédiments hétérogènes [33] déposés entre le Miocène moyen et le Pliocène inférieur [8,10,16,27,29], dans un environnement marin côtier [16,32]. La séquence de la localité type, près de Bahía Iglesa et Caldera, est déposée dans les grabens du socle igné mésozoïque [8,33]. La formation Bahía Iglesa est constituée de trois membres (unités 1–3 de Walsh et Hurne [32]) : (1) membre Morro, (2) membre Bonebed de la formation Bahía Iglesa, (3) membre Lechero. La plupart des vertébrés fossiles ont été observés dans un <italic>bonebed</italic> phosphatique à la base du membre Bonebed, et ils ont été rapportés à des poissons, des oiseaux de mer, des phoques et des cétacés [24,25,28,30–33]. La molaire de sirénien décrite ici a été découverte dans la partie basale fossilifère du membre Bonebed. Sur base de l'association de requins (abondance de <italic>Cosmopolitodus</italic> et présence de <italic>Carcharodon carcharias</italic>), ce membre a été daté du Miocène supérieur [33]. Cette datation a été confirmée par la présence d'un spécimen non encore décrit de <italic>Brachydelphis</italic>, un Pontotoriidae trouvé seulement dans des sédiments de la formation Pisco (Pérou), datés de 13–9 Ma [17].</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <title>Description systématique et comparaison</title>
            <sec>
               <p>Classe MAMMALIA Linnaeus, 1758 [14]</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Ordre SIRENIA Illiger, 1811 [11]</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Famille DUGONGIDAE Gray, 1821 [9]</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Genre et espèce indét.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>(Fig. 2)</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>MPC-219 est une dent molariforme inférieure droite, modérément usée et relativement petite ayant appartenu à un jeune animal. Elle présente le modèle des molaires de Dugongidae : deux lophides formés par deux cuspides principales, plus un petit hypoconulide et deux vallées plus ou moins obstruées par des crêtes ou des éperons ; mais MPC-219 est petite et simple, sans cuspules accessoires.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>La dent est rectangulaire, elle a deux racines, les lophides sont obliques et inclinés labialement, l'hypoconulide est formé par deux cuspides et l'émail est crénelé. Le protoconide est plus large que le métaconide et les deux sont bien séparés. La vallée transverse est partiellement obstruée par le large éperon postérolingual du protoconide et par le plus petit éperon antérolingual de l'hypoconide. L'hypoconide est large et globuleux. L'entoconide est plus petit que l'hypoconide et il possède un éperon postérolingual qui rencontre presque l'hypoconulide. L'hypoconulide est plutôt petit et n'a pas la forme d'un Y. Il est formé de deux petites cuspides unies par une fine crête ; la cuspide labiale est plus grande que la cuspide linguale. Le bassin talonide est divisé par un petit éperon antérieur à la cuspide labiale, mais cet éperon ne forme pas une crête médiane unie à l'hypolophide. Longueur de la couronne : 13,3 mm ; largeur antérieure : 10,3 mm ; largeur postérieure 10,0 mm. La racine est double et cassée à ses extrémités, montrant une cavité pulpaire ouverte. La racine a une circonférence réduite par rapport à la couronne.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>La détermination des molaires de siréniens est compliquée par leur importante variation individuelle.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Le registre fossile du Pacifique sud-est consiste en seulement deux crânes incomplets, découverts dans le Miocène inférieur à moyen de la formation Montera, au Pérou, et rapportés à <italic>Metaxytherium crataegense</italic> et une côte de Dugongidae indéterminé, découverte dans le Pliocène inférieur de la formation Pisco, au Pérou également [18].</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>La comparaison avec <italic>M. crataegense</italic>, connu du Miocène inférieur à moyen du Sud-Est des États-Unis [13,22], révèle que MPC-219 partage avec les dents précédemment décrites et rapportées à cette espèce un hypoconulide qui n'est pas en forme de Y, un caractère que l'on trouve souvent dans le genre <italic>Metaxytherium</italic> [13 (pl. 35, figs. 7 et 8)] et les lophides positionnés en oblique [13 (pl. 35, figs. 7 et 8),18 (pp. 201–202, figs. 11 et 12)]. Toutefois, MPC-219 est trop petite pour être rapportée à <italic>Metaxytherium</italic>. En outre, les dents USNM 16630, décrites par Kellogg [13], ne sont probablement pas rapportable à <italic>M. crataegense</italic> ; il s'agit probablement d'un nouveau genre et d'une nouvelle espèce non nommés de petit Dugongidae (Domning, commun. pers.), peut-être voisin d'un petit Dugongidae du Miocène supérieur du Venezuela, en cours d'étude par Domning. MPC-219 pourrait être voisin de ces petits Dugongidae non encore décrits.</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <title>Discussion et conclusions</title>
            <sec>
               <p>Depuis leur origine, les siréniens sont herbivores et se nourrissent d'herbes marines (<italic>seagrasses</italic>) ou d'autres phanérogames marines. Cette caractéristique a déterminé leur distribution tropicale et subtropicale dans les eaux côtières et les fleuves où ces plantes poussaient. La seule exception est donnée par les Hydrodamalinae, qui ont réalisé une adaptation secondaire aux eaux froides [4]. Ainsi, la distribution des siréniens dépend de facteurs climatiques et géographiques, comme on peut le voir en observant le registre fossile des siréniens dans le Pacifique est, une région qu'ils n'occupent plus actuellement (Fig. 3).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Cette différence entre l'absence actuelle de siréniens et leur présence passée dans le Pacifique est mise en relief par la découverte de cette molaire du Miocène supérieur du Chili, s'ajoutant au registre fossile du Pérou.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>La présence de Dugongidae au Chili pendant le Miocène supérieur implique l'existence d'eaux chaudes peu profondes, riches en herbes marines.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>La présence d'eaux chaudes le long des côtes du Pérou et du Chili durant le Miocène est déjà corroborée par de nombreuses études : Muizon et de Vries [19] ont noté des affinités tropicales et subtropicales pour les poissons, les reptiles et les mollusques du Miocène du Pérou ; Nielsen et al. [20] ont reconnu des affinités similaires pour les mollusques du Miocène inférieur à moyen du Chili sud-central ; dans les mêmes niveaux de la formation Bahía Iglesa, ont été découverts des vertébrés d'environnement tropical, tels que les poissons Istiophoridae et les reptiles crocodiliformes [28,33].</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>La présence de faunes tropicales ou subtropicales au Chili durant le Miocène peut être corrélée aux conditions climatiques globalement chaudes [34] et à une extension nord du courant de Humboldt (HC) plus réduite.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Les données bibliographiques indiquent que le HC est actif à partir de la limite Crétacé–Tertiaire [12], mais son effet augmente depuis la limite Oligocène–Miocène, lorsque s'est ouvert le détroit de Drake, et surtout du Miocène moyen jusqu'à l'Holocène, à la suite d'une glaciation en Antarctique [20]. Comme autre cause de l'expansion du HC durant le Miocène, Tsuchi [26] considérait également la rotation antihoraire du Pérou, indiquant sur une carte du Miocène inférieur (environ 17 Ma) que le HC n'arrivait pas jusqu'aux côtes nord du Chili [26 (fig. 8)]. La mention du sirénien décrit ici et les autres éléments fauniques d'eaux chaudes découverts dans les mêmes niveaux de la formation Bahía Inglesa [28,33] pourraient indiquer une mise en place non encore complète du HC et des oscillations de son extension la plus septentrionale durant le Miocène supérieur.</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec1">
         <label>1</label>
         <title>Introduction</title>
         <sec>
            <p>The marine mammal order Sirenia is today only represented by four species living in tropical and subtropical fresh and shallow coastal waters. The only species of the family Dugongidae, <italic>Dugong dugon</italic>, inhabits the Indian and Southwest Pacific oceans, while the three species of Trichechidae (manatees) live along the Atlantic coasts and rivers of the Americas and West Africa: <italic>Trichechus inunguis</italic> in the Amazon Basin, <italic>T. manatus</italic> in coastal waters and rivers from the southeastern United States to southern Brazil, and <italic>T. senegalensis</italic> in coastal waters and rivers of western Africa <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref>.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>In addition to these four species, Steller's sea cow (<italic>Hydrodamalis gigas</italic>), a large dugongid up to 9 m or more in length, without teeth and adapted to temperate and cold waters of the North Pacific Ocean, and with a diet of marine algae, became extinct in 1768 <xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref>.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Therefore, sirenians do not occur today along the eastern Pacific coasts. But fossil data, both previously published and presented here for the first time, indicate that sirenians have been widely distributed on these coasts during the past. An Atlantic origin and dispersal through the Central American Seaway in the Lower Miocene have been hypothesized for this eastern Pacific fauna <xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref>. Their record includes members of all three subfamilies of the family of dugongids. In the northeastern Pacific, sirenians are represented by the halitheriine <italic>Metaxytherium arctodites</italic> (Middle Miocene), by the dugongine <italic>Dioplotherium allisoni</italic> (Lower–Middle Miocene), and by the hydrodamalines <italic>Dusisiren</italic> (Lower–Upper Miocene) and <italic>Hydrodamalis</italic> (Upper Miocene–Holocene), which represent a monophyletic group restricted to the northern Pacific Ocean <xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>In the southeastern Pacific Ocean, sirenians have only been found in the Early to Middle Miocene Montera Formation and in the Early Pliocene portion of the Pisco Formation on the coast of Peru <xref rid="bib18" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>. The Miocene Peruvian specimens, including two partial skulls, were first referred to <italic>Metaxytherium calvertense</italic>
               <xref rid="bib18" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>, a species now considered as a junior synonym of <italic>M. crataegense</italic>
               <xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>. <italic>M. crataegense</italic> is a halitheriine also known from the Early–Middle Miocene of the southeastern United States <xref rid="bib13" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref> and <xref rid="bib22" ref-type="bibr">[22]</xref>. The Early Pliocene record from Peru consists of a single undetermined dugongid rib <xref rid="bib18" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>The aim of this paper is the description of a single tooth collected from the Late Miocene Bahía Inglesa Formation exposed at Las Arenas, 1 km inland from Bahía Inglesa, on the coast of north-central Chile (<xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>a). This specimen represents the first fossil sirenian found in Chile and the southernmost eastern Pacific sirenian record, having been collected at latitude 27° S.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Anatomical terminology follows Domning <xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>. The specimen is kept in the Museo Paleontologico de Caldera, Chile (MPC).</p>
         </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2">
         <label>2</label>
         <title>Geological setting</title>
         <sec>
            <p>The Bahía Inglesa Formation (<xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>) consists of heterogeneous sediments, including siltstones, fine sands, coquinas, pebble beds, conglomerates, and phosphatites <xref rid="bib33" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref>. These sediments were originally deposited in a shallow marine environment up to 10 km offshore <xref rid="bib16" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref>, <xref rid="bib29" ref-type="bibr">[29]</xref> and <xref rid="bib32" ref-type="bibr">[32]</xref>. In the type area near the village of Bahía Inglesa and the town of Caldera, the sequence was deposited inside a series of grabens formed in the Mesozoic igneous basement <xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref> and <xref rid="bib33" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref>. The Bahía Inglesa Formation comprises three lithostratigraphic members (Units 1–3 of Walsh and Hume <xref rid="bib31" ref-type="bibr">[31]</xref>): (1) the coarse conglomeratic basal Morro Member; (2) the phosphoritic Bahía Inglesa Formation Bonebed Member; (3) the fine sand and siltstone Lechero Member. The largest fossil vertebrate assemblage is observed in a phosphatite bonebed at the base of the Bahía Inglesa Formation Bonebed Member, where remains belonging to fishes, seabirds, sloths, seals and cetaceans were identified <xref rid="bib24" ref-type="bibr">[24]</xref>, <xref rid="bib25" ref-type="bibr">[25]</xref>, <xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>, <xref rid="bib30" ref-type="bibr">[30]</xref>, <xref rid="bib31" ref-type="bibr">[31]</xref>, <xref rid="bib32" ref-type="bibr">[32]</xref> and <xref rid="bib33" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref>. The sirenian tooth here examined was collected from this basal fossiliferous portion of the Bonebed Member.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>The Lechero Member has been dated to 4.5–2.6 Ma (Pliocene) on the basis of microfossils <xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref> and <xref rid="bib27" ref-type="bibr">[27]</xref>, a datum sustained by the abundance of white shark (<italic>Carcharodon carcharias</italic>) <xref rid="bib15" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref> and by the presence of blue shark (<italic>Prionace glauca</italic>) <xref rid="bib24" ref-type="bibr">[24]</xref>. Further evidence of a Pliocene age of this member is the presence of a non-described specimen of the Pliocene delphinid <italic>Hemisyntrachelus</italic> (Bianucci, pers. obs.). However, the lower part of this member has a K/Ar date of 7.6 ± 1.3 Ma (Tortonian, Upper Miocene) <xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref> and <xref rid="bib16" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref>.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>The Bonebed Member dating is more problematic because of the absence of a significant microfossil fauna. Walsh and Suarez <xref rid="bib33" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref> referred this member to the Upper Miocene (Tortonian) on the basis of the shark association (abundant <italic>Cosmopolitodus hastalis</italic> in association with <italic>Carcharodon carcharias</italic>). The abundance of the pontoporiid <italic>Brachydelphis</italic> among the non-described cetaceans found in these horizons seems to confirm an Upper Miocene age for this member, considering that this genus was previously found only in sediments from the Pisco Formation (Peru) dated between 13–9 Ma <xref rid="bib17" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Concerning the Morro Member, Walsh and Naish <xref rid="bib32" ref-type="bibr">[32]</xref> postulated an age unlikely older than Upper Miocene due to the occurrence of the seal <italic>Acrophoca</italic>. However, Suárez et al. <xref rid="bib25" ref-type="bibr">[25]</xref>, considering the abundance of <italic>Cosmopolitodus hastalis</italic> and the absence of <italic>C</italic>. <italic>carcharias,</italic> assigned the Arenas de Caldera in the upper part of the Morro Member to the Middle–Upper Miocene.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>Finally, Marquardt et al. <xref rid="bib16" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref> referred the Bahía Inglesa Formation to a stratigraphical range between the Middle Miocene and the Lower Pliocene on the basis of the foraminiferal associations. In particular, they dated the base of the sequence to 16 Ma (N9 zone of Blow <xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>).</p>
         </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec3">
         <label>3</label>
         <title>Systematic description and comparison</title>
         <sec id="sec3.1">
            <label>3.1</label>
            <title>Description</title>
            <sec>
               <p>Class MAMMALIA Linnaeus, 1758 <xref rid="bib14" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref>
               </p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Order SIRENIA Illiger, 1811 <xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>
               </p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Family DUGONGIDAE Gray, 1821 <xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref>
               </p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Genus and species indet.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>(<xref rid="fig2" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>)</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>
                  <bold>Description</bold>: The tooth (MPC-219) is a moderately worn and rather small lower right molariform tooth, possibly belonging to a young animal.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>The tooth is two-rooted, rectangular, and has a simple cusp pattern without accessory cuspules, obliquely placed and labially sloped lophids, two hypoconulid cusps, and crenulated enamel. The protoconid is larger than the metaconid and they are well separated. The transverse valley is partially blocked by the large posterolingual spur of the protoconid and by the smaller anterolingual spur of the hypoconid. The hypoconid is large and bulbous. The entoconid is smaller than the hypoconid and has a posterolingual spur that nearly meets the hypoconulid. The hypoconulid is rather small, not Y-shaped, formed by two small cusps, the labial larger, joined by a thin ridge. A small anterior spur of the labial cusp divides the talonid basin but does not form a median ridge joining to the hypolophid. Crown length: 13.3 mm; anterior width 10.3 mm; posterior width 10.0 mm.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>The root is double and broken at its extremities, showing an open pulp cavity. The root is small in circumference relatively to the crown, which overhangs markedly on all sides.</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
         <sec id="sec3.2">
            <label>3.2</label>
            <title>Comparison</title>
            <sec>
               <p>MPC-219 presents the standard dugongid pattern of two lophs formed by two main cusps, a smaller hypoconulid and two valleys more or less blocked by ridges and spurs, but it is relatively small and simple without accessory cuspules or an anterior cingulum.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>A determination at the generic or specific level is very hard because of the great individual variation both in size and in complexity of sirenian molars, and because smaller teeth, such as that here examined, are generally simpler in cusp pattern and may have fewer accessory cuspules.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>The southeastern Pacific Ocean sirenian record consists only of two partial skulls referred to <italic>M. crataegense</italic> found in the Early to Middle Miocene Montera Formation and an undetermined dugongid rib found in the Early Pliocene portion of the Pisco Formation <xref rid="bib18" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
               <p>Comparison with <italic>M. crataegense</italic>, also known from the Early–Middle Miocene of the southeastern United States <xref rid="bib13" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref> and <xref rid="bib22" ref-type="bibr">[22]</xref>, reveals that MPC-219 shares with some previously described and referred teeth of this species a hypoconulid without the usual <italic>Metaxytherium</italic> Y-shape [13 (pl. 35, figs. 7 and 8)] and obliquely placed lophids [13 (pl. 35, figs. 7 and 8), 18 (pp. 201–202 figs. 11 and 12)]. Even so, MPC-219 is too small to be <italic>Metaxytherium</italic>. Moreover, the teeth of USNM 16630 described by Kellogg <xref rid="bib13" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref> are probably not <italic>M. crataegense</italic>; they likely represent a new, unnamed genus and species of smaller dugongid (Domning, pers. commun.), possibly close to a small dugongid from the Late Miocene of Venezuela under study by Domning. MPC-219 may be close to these small non-described dugongids.</p>
            </sec>
         </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec4">
         <label>4</label>
         <title>Discussion and conclusions</title>
         <sec>
            <p>Since their origin, sirenians were herbivores and probably depended on seagrasses and other aquatic angiosperms for food. This condition determined their tropical and subtropical distribution in fresh and coastal water, where these plants lived. The only exception seems to be represented by the Hydrodamalinae, which secondarily adapted to colder waters <xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref>. Hence the pattern of distribution of sirenians is strictly related to climatic and geographic factors that may change through time. An example of this close relationship between sirenian distribution and palaeoclimatic and palaeogeographic conditions is offered by the eastern Pacific coast, where these marine mammals have had a wide geographical distribution and significant diversification during the past, despite their absence today (<xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>).</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>This discrepancy between fossil and extant data is here emphasized by the southernmost sirenian fossil record from the eastern Pacific Ocean, a single tooth collected from the Late Miocene of Chile. This datum adds to the previously-reported sirenian remains from the southeastern Pacific, which come from Peru, specifically from the Early–Middle Miocene Montera Formation and the Early Pliocene portion of the Pisco Formation <xref rid="bib18" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>. The Miocene Peruvian specimens are referred to <italic>Metaxytherium crataegense</italic>
               <xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>, a halitheriine also known from the Early–Middle Miocene Hawthorne and Calvert Formations of the southeastern United States <xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>, <xref rid="bib13" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref> and <xref rid="bib22" ref-type="bibr">[22]</xref>. The Pliocene rib from Peru seems to pertain to a different sirenian, possibly one more closely related to <italic>Dugong</italic>
               <xref rid="bib18" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>. The Chilean tooth here described also evidently represents a taxon different from <italic>Metaxytherium</italic>.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>From a palaeoecological and palaeoclimatic view, the presence of dugongid sirenians in Chile during the Late Miocene implies warm shallow water with seagrass beds. Warm waters on the coasts of Peru and Chile during the Miocene have already been noted by several previous studies. For example, Muizon and deVries <xref rid="bib19" ref-type="bibr">[19]</xref> noted tropical and subtropical affinities for the Miocene fish, reptile and mollusc fauna of Peru, while Nielsen et al. <xref rid="bib20" ref-type="bibr">[20]</xref> recognized similar climatic affinities of the mollusc fauna in southern central Chile during the Lower–Middle Miocene. Moreover, in the same levels of the Bahía Inglesa Formation were collected other vertebrates with clear warm affinities, such as istiophorid fishes and crocodiliform reptiles <xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref> and <xref rid="bib33" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref>
            </p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p>The presence of tropical and subtropical faunas on the Chilean coast during the Miocene may have been favoured by the concurrence of globally warm climate <xref rid="bib34" ref-type="bibr">[34]</xref> and a still-limited northern extent of the Humboldt Current (HC). This current today transports sub-Antarctic water from higher to lower latitudes along the western coast of South America. Even if published data suggest that an ancestral HC was active from the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary <xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>, its effect was reinforced after the Oligocene–Miocene boundary, when the Drake Passage opened, and especially from the Middle Miocene to the Recent, as a result of glaciation in Antarctica <xref rid="bib21" ref-type="bibr">[21]</xref>. Tsuchi <xref rid="bib26" ref-type="bibr">[26]</xref> considered the anticlockwise rotation of the Peruvian Block as another possible cause of a progressive northern extension of the HC during the Miocene, and drew on a map of Lower Miocene (about 17 Ma) conditions a HC that still does not reach the northern coast of Chile <xref rid="bib26" ref-type="bibr">[26]</xref> (fig. 8). The sirenian here reported and the other warm-water fauna collected from the same levels of the Bahía Inglesa Formation <xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref> and <xref rid="bib33" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref> suggest a possibly incomplete assessment of the HC and oscillations of its northernmost position during the Upper Miocene.</p>
         </sec>
      </sec>
   </body>
   <back>
      <ack>
         <title>Acknowledgements</title>
         <p>We thank D.P. Domning, Howard University, for English improvement and helpful comments, O. Lambert, ‘Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique’, for improvement of the French version, S. Walsh, Natural History Museum of London, and R.E. Fordyce, Otago University, for useful suggestions.</p>
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   <floats-group>
      <fig id="fig1">
         <label>Fig. 1</label>
         <caption>
            <p>(<bold>a</bold>) Map showing the fossiliferous outcrops of the Bahía Inglesa Formation along the coastal area of the Atacama Region and locality of sirenian tooth MPC-219. (<bold>b</bold>) Generalized stratigraphic column of the Bahía Inglesa Formation with provenance of MPC-219, lower part of the Bonebed Member. (<bold>1</bold>) Morro Member; (<bold>2</bold>) Bahía Inglesa Formation Bonebed Member; (<bold>3</bold>) Lechero Member; (<bold>4</bold>) Early Pleistocene marine terrace (modified after <xref rid="bib33" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref>).</p>
            <p>Fig. 1. (a) Carte des affleurements fossilifères de la Formation Bahía Iglesa le long de la zone côtière de la région Atacama et localisation de la dent de sirénien MPC-219. (<bold>b</bold>) Colonne stratigraphique générale de la formation Bahía Iglesa, montrant l'origine stratigraphique de MPC-219, partie inférieure du membre Bonebed. (<bold>1</bold>) Membre Morro ; (<bold>2</bold>) membre Bonebed de la formation Bahía Iglesa ; (<bold>3</bold>) membre Lechero ; (<bold>4</bold>) terrasse marine du Pléistocène inférieur (modifié d'après <xref rid="bib33" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref>).</p>
         </caption>
         <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="main.assets/gr1.jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="fig2">
         <label>Fig. 2</label>
         <caption>
            <p>MPC-219, lower right molar of Dugongidae, gen. et sp. indet., Upper Miocene, Las Arenas, Chile. (<bold>a</bold>) Dorsal view; (<bold>b</bold>) labial view; (<bold>c</bold>) anterior view; (<bold>d</bold>) lingual view; (<bold>e</bold>) posterior view (bar = 5 mm).</p>
            <p>Fig. 2. MPC-219, molaire inférieure droite de Dugongidae, gen. et sp. indet. Miocène supérieur. Las Arenas, Chile. (<bold>a</bold>) Vue dorsale ; (<bold>b</bold>) vue labiale ; (<bold>c</bold>) vue antérieure ; (<bold>d</bold>) vue linguale ; (<bold>e</bold>) vue postérieure (barre = 5 mm).</p>
         </caption>
         <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="main.assets/gr2.jpg"/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="fig3">
         <label>Fig. 3</label>
         <caption>
            <p>Dugongid dispersion routes in the eastern Pacific during the Miocene. Solid and broken black arrows indicate the northern extent of the Humboldt Current respectively during the Miocene and the Recent. The black point indicates the new Chilean record. Other sirenian records from Domning <xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref>, Domning and Furusawa <xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>, Muizon and Domning <xref rid="bib18" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>; southern Atlantic dugongid record is omitted (map modified after <xref rid="bib23" ref-type="bibr">[23]</xref>).</p>
            <p>Fig. 3. Routes migratoires de Dugongidae dans l'Est du Pacifique pendant le Miocène. Les flèches en trait continu et en pointillés indiquent l'extension nord du courant de Humboldt respectivement au Miocène et à l'Actuel. Le point noir indique la nouvelle mention faite au Chili. Les autres dates relatives aux Dugongidae sont issues des travaux de Domning <xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref>, de Domning et Furusawa <xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>, de Muizon et Domning <xref rid="bib18" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>. Les Dugongidae du Sud de l'Atlantique ont été omis (carte modifiée d'après Smith et al. <xref rid="bib23" ref-type="bibr">[23]</xref>).</p>
         </caption>
         <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="main.assets/gr3.jpg"/>
      </fig>
   </floats-group>
</article>